ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: As messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been administered to millions of individuals worldwide, cases of de novo and relapsing glomerulonephritis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination are increasing in the literature. While most previous publications reported glomerulonephritis after the first or second dose of an mRNA vaccine, few reports of glomerulonephritis occurring after the third dose of an mRNA vaccine currently exist. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a patient following the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. A 77-year-old Japanese man with a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation was referred to our hospital for evaluation of anorexia, pruritus, and lower extremity edema. One year before referral, he received two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2) for COVID-19. Three months before the visit, he received a third mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273) for COVID-19. On admission, the patient presented severe renal failure with a serum creatinine level of 16.29 mg/dL, which had increased from 1.67 mg/dL one month earlier, prompting us to initiate hemodialysis. Urinalysis showed nephrotic-range proteinuria and hematuria. Renal biopsy revealed mild mesangial proliferation and expansion, a lobular appearance, and double contours of the glomerular basement membrane. Renal tubules had severe atrophy. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed strong mesangial staining for IgA, IgM, and C3c. Electron microscopy exhibited mesangial and subendothelial electron-dense deposits, leading to a diagnosis of IgA nephropathy with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis-like changes. The kidney function remained unchanged after steroid therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Although the link between renal lesions and mRNA vaccines remains unclear, a robust immune response induced by mRNA vaccines may play a role in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Further studies of the immunological effects of mRNA vaccines on the kidney are warranted.